
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.05, sd = 1.73)}} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.13, sd = 0.28)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
                                   & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)           & (7)           & (8)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname fractionalization index & 0.798$^{***}$ & 0.745$^{***}$ & 0.702$^{***}$ & 0.764$^{***}$ & 0.065$^{***}$ & 0.055$^{***}$ & 0.050$^{***}$ & 0.039$^{**}$\\   
                                   & (0.145)       & (0.163)       & (0.203)       & (0.114)       & (0.010)       & (0.011)       & (0.012)       & (0.015)\\   
   Population                      &               & 0.878$^{***}$ & 0.811$^{***}$ & 1.028$^{***}$ &               & 0.160$^{***}$ & 0.141$^{***}$ & 0.124$^{***}$\\   
                                   &               & (0.106)       & (0.111)       & (0.226)       &               & (0.020)       & (0.018)       & (0.029)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Predicted surname fractionalization index & 0.563$^{***}$ & 0.464$^{***}$ & 0.481$^{**}$  & 0.546$^{***}$ & 0.049$^{***}$ & 0.030$^{**}$  & 0.033$^{***}$ & 0.035$^{***}$\\   
                                             & (0.135)       & (0.160)       & (0.184)       & (0.138)       & (0.008)       & (0.012)       & (0.012)       & (0.011)\\   
   Predicted population                      &               & 0.820$^{***}$ & 0.757$^{***}$ & 0.767$^{***}$ &               & 0.154$^{***}$ & 0.134$^{***}$ & 0.088$^{***}$\\   
                                             &               & (0.116)       & (0.120)       & (0.174)       &               & (0.022)       & (0.021)       & (0.029)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
   Surname fractionalization index       & 1.050$^{***}$ & 0.984$^{***}$ & 0.989$^{***}$ & 1.025$^{***}$ & 0.091$^{***}$ & 0.078$^{***}$ & 0.082$^{***}$ & 0.070$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.108)       & (0.133)       & (0.173)       & (0.104)       & (0.015)       & (0.012)       & (0.011)       & (0.023)\\   
   Population                            &               & 1.039$^{***}$ & 0.957$^{***}$ & 1.708$^{***}$ &               & 0.201$^{***}$ & 0.170$^{***}$ & 0.199$^{***}$\\   
                                         &               & (0.127)       & (0.122)       & (0.309)       &               & (0.024)       & (0.019)       & (0.052)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 33            & 32; 268       & 38; 200       & 37; 49        & 33            & 32; 268       & 38; 200       & 37; 49\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{7}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-9}
& \multicolumn{4}{c}{Surname fractionalization index} & \multicolumn{4}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-5}  \cmidrule(lr){6-9}
   Predicted surname fractionalization index & 0.536$^{***}$ & 0.531$^{***}$ & 0.556$^{***}$ & 0.570$^{***}$ &  & -0.056$^{***}$ & -0.071$^{***}$ & -0.023$^{**}$ \\
                                             & (0.094)       & (0.096)       & (0.094)       & (0.098)       &  & (0.012)        & (0.013)        & (0.009)       \\
   Predicted population                      &               & 0.043$^{**}$  & 0.004         & 0.020         &  & 0.749$^{***}$  & 0.787$^{***}$  & 0.437$^{***}$ \\
                                             &               & (0.021)       & (0.023)       & (0.032)       &  & (0.058)        & (0.067)        & (0.072)       \\
    \\
   County fixed effects            & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period fixed effects            & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               & \\  
   State-Period fixed effects      &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends         &               &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                    & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


